Heating & Cooling

Energy Saving Guide

Heat & cool your home for less

Heating and cooling account for around a quarter of the energy used in the average home.

So what should your priorities be if you want to save money on energy while staying comfortable? Here’s how to ice your costs.

Keeping your climate under control

We’ll unpack the actions that matter most when you are looking to keep a lid on energy bills from heating and cooling your home.

Insulate your home from high energy bills
Use cost effective Heating and Cooling appliances
Air Conditioning essentials

1. Insulate your home from high energy bills

Our homes lose heat in winter and gain it during summer. While seven out of ten Australian homes have some form of insulation – it’s often less than ideal. The result is enough to make anyone uncomfortable.

Heat loss and gain

Winter heat loss in a home with no insulation

Summer heat gain in a home with no insulation

Source: yourhome.gov.au

If you can keep the heat outside during summer and retain warmth during winter, you’ll enjoy more comfort in your home. Not to mention lower energy bills as a consequence. Insulation can be easy to install, cheap, require very little maintenance and have a long life. Plus it can also help reduce noise. Sure, insulation isn’t very exciting, but it can offer good payback by cutting the amount of energy you’ll need to keep your home comfortable! There are six areas to think about;

Ceilings
Draughts and air leaks
Walls
Floors
Windows
Shading

Ceiling/Roof insulation

The roof is the area with the largest potential to absorb or lose heat. This can be fixed by installing the right amount of bulk insulation above the ceiling, including batts, blankets or loose fill. Reflective insulation placed under the roof will also help. Insulation is measured in R-Value – the bigger the number, the more effective. Bulk ceiling insulation is available in R-Values from 2.5 up to 7.0. Depending on your roof type, reflective insulation placed under the roof also adds another 1.0 R-Value. Reflective insulation is less effective at holding heat in a building. The values of two layers can be added together to determine the total R-Value.

How much roof insulation do I need?

How much you’ll need depends on where you live, the type and colour of your roof. Many Australian homes have medium or dark coloured roofs. This means they absorb the suns heat in a big way – a measure called absorptance. As a result you need more insulation the darker the roof. The Building Code of Australia recommends a minimum level of insulation. In reality, you’ll want to go more, because if even 2% of your ceiling is uninsulated they recommend you adds another 1R to compensate.

Minimum roof insulation by Australian climate zone

Climate zone	Minimum Insulation R-Value
Roof colour (Absorptance level)	Roof colour is white or light grey (<0.4)	Roof is galvanised steel or zinc (0.4 to 0.6)	Roof colour is red or dark grey/black (>0.6)
Zone 1. Cairns. Darwin, Far North Queensland, NT, Nth WA	3.1	4.1	5.1
Zone 2-5. Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. Nth Vic, Central & Western NSW, Sth Queensland	4.1	4.6	5.1
Zone 6-7. Melbourne, Sth Vic, NSW Mountains	4.6	5.1	5.1
Zone 8. Alpine areas. Thredbo	6.3	6.3	6.3

Adapted from the National Construction Code (NCC) ncc.abcb.gov.au

Draughts

In winter, draughts can account for up 25% of heat loss in some rooms. With some simple, cheap and effective fixes you can banish draughts. Here’s where to look for gaps and how to create a better seal.

Wall and ceiling vents and fans, open fireplace and flues: Often wall and ceiling vents in older homes were designed to allow for the escape of gas or smoke fumes. If you are no longer using gas, these can be safely closed. Upgrade wall fans with seals that shut off when not in use. Install chimney stoppers to prevent draughts.

General draught-proofing: You can seal gaps around architraves and skirting boards with timber beading. Gaps in door and window frame edges can be closed with inexpensive weather strips.

Downlights Halogen downlights come with a downside. That’s because they need space to stay cool so leave big gaps in ceiling insulation. To fix this replace halogen with capped LED downlights to seal off the airflow. Plus you’ll save on 80% on energy costs.

Weather seals keep draughts out.

Downlights leave gaps in ceiling insulation.

Wall insulation

About twenty percent of homes have wall insulation. If a house has timber framing and weatherboard or brick veneer, it’s possible to add insulation into the cavity through injection using bonded beads. The recommended minimum wall insulation is an R-Value of 2.8. Those are in alpine areas are advised to have R-Values above 3.8.

Wall insulation improves your comfort levels

Floor insulation

If you have suspended timber flooring, there can be problems with airflow. Adding underfloor insulation can significantly reduce airflow into the home through the floor. A floor rug will also help insulate a room.

Rug up a room for warmth

Window insulation

Glass is amazing. Except when it comes to insulating a building. Single-glazed windows can transmit a huge amount of heat into and out of your home. In winter, up to 40% of heat can escape through windows – while in summer up to 80% of heat gained in room can be through glazing. If you live in a colder climate, then double glazing is the ultimate insulation. It is a substantial expense, but will provide appreciably better comfort, limit external noise and reduce annual energy bills. Framing in timber or uPVC offers superior insulation to aluminium windows.

Cost effective fixes: Of course, there are things you can do to make a difference without installing new glazing. Window furnishing including well-fitted curtains or blinds assist insulation. In warmer locations, blinds on the outside are more effective in keeping heat out. You can also add window films to help tame the summer sun.

Fitted curtains will help cozy and cool your home

Throw some shade

Direct sun can generate serious heat in a home. Eaves, awnings and verandahs that shade the outside of homes can stop up to 90% of the sun’s heat. Aim to stop the high angled summer sun while inviting the low angle winter sun. Fixed shading options include;

Eaves or overhangs
Fixed louvres
Pergolas
Shade sails

Adjustable shading options include;

Retractable awnings
External blinds
Adjustable louvres
Shutters and screens

Vegetation can assist shading too – particularly deciduous plants.

External blinds and shutters deliver summer shade.

The power of passive design

If you are building a new home or thinking about adding to your current home, it’s worth carefully considering how design can maximise your comfort. Passive house designs;

orientate the building and interior layout effectively
shade the summer sun while inviting in the winter sun,
capture cooling breezes,
use building materials appropriate for the climate – high thermal mass in cold regions and lower thermal mass in hot regions
maximise insulation.

The result of using passive design principles in a home is significant lifetime energy cost savings.

Good building design will reduce energy costs for decades.

2. Cost effective heating and cooling

So which heating and cooling appliance are the most efficient? Here’s a rundown of what you’ll pay to run a range of appliances. Cost will vary in each state as climate and energy prices differ. The degree to which a space is heated or cooled plus how well insulated a building is, will also make a difference.

Heating Cost comparison

Appliance	Running cost/per hour*
Small Room (16m2)**
Reverse cycle air conditioner (3.5kW) (3.5 star)	23c
Gas heater (3.2kW/13mJ)	32c
Electric panel heater (2kW)	49c
Medium Room (30m2)**
Reverse cycle air conditioner (6kW) (3.5 star)	44c
Gas heater (6.3kW/25mJ)	62c
Electric panel heater or fan (4kW)	99c
Whole House (160m2)
Zoned ducted reverse cycle air conditioner	$1.10+
Zoned ducted gas heater	$1.36+
Non-zone ducted reverse cycle air conditioner	$1.47+
Non-zoned ducted gas heater	$1.81+

Gas @ 2.5c MJ. Electricity @ 30c KW. No supply charges factored for either fuel. Room appliance run at full capacity.

Reverse cycle economics

Reverse cycle air conditioners can heat a room cheaper than the cost of the most efficient gas heater. Economic analysis commissioned by Energy Consumers Australia in the 2018 ATA Household Fuel Choice study found that if their gas heater fails, it is cheaper for homes to replace it with an efficient electric reverse cycle air conditioner. If homes have an existing reverse cycle air conditioner which is relatively efficient, the analysis determined it cheaper to ditch gas. For running costs and economics on gas, solar and electric water heating fuel – see the Hot Water Energy Saving Guide. Households with rooftop solar are even better candidates to sidestep gas heating.

Cooling Cost comparison

Appliance	Running cost/per hour*
Portable and Ceiling Fans	Less than 5c
Portable evaporative cooler	Less than 7c
Portable air conditioner	50c
Split air conditioner
2.5kW (3.5 star) (16m2 room)	18c
5.0kW (3.5 star) (30m2 room)	37c
7.1kW (3.0 star) (60m2 room)	67c
Ducted air condition system (160m2 home)	$2.00+

Electricity @ 30c KW. No supply charges factored. Room appliance run at full capacity.

Love the fans

Fans use as little as 2% of the energy of an air conditioner, so are perfect for low-cost cooling. Plus they can help heat too. By running ceiling fans in reverse during winter warm air is moved from ceiling level back into the room.

3. Air conditioning essentials

Australia is a hot country. To be comfortable, many households need air conditioning. Here’s how you can maintain a high comfort level while keeping running costs low.

Get the temperature right

Changing the thermostat by just one degree can raise running costs by up to 10%. While the difference in air temperature is tiny, every degree requires a whole lot more energy. By adjusting your thermostat with the seasons you’ll still be comfortable while ensuring your air conditioner is efficient. Setting your thermostat between 24–27°C in summer will keep you cool. A setting of 18-20°C in winter will keep you warm.

Only heat or cool the space you need

You’ll be saving energy and money by only heating or cooling the rooms you are using. Zoned systems allow you to control where air conditioning is need avoid waste. By closing door and windows you’ll keep the temperature you need with less effort for the A/C unit. Don’t forget to take advantage of natural ventilation like summer breezes or the winter suns warmth to reduce the need to run appliances.

Run when energy is cheap

Take advantage of off-peak energy. Low cost off peak electricity is ideal to warm your house in the early morning so it’s comfortable when you wake up. This way you avoid more expensive tariffs during the day. Got solar? Use the electricity you generate guilt-free to power your air conditioner. Your PV system is at capacity during the heat of the day so you should use it. Program the timer on your air conditioner to cool the house in summer or warm in winter during the day. This ensures you’ll return to an inviting home which should last into the evening, reducing the need to buy electricity when prices are high.

Keep your A/C in good repair

Efficiency can fall by almost a third when an air conditioning unit is not well maintained. So think about servicing in line with the manufacturer’s recommended schedule using a qualified technician. If you have a unit that a decade or older, you may consider an upgrade. That’s because new systems can be up to 30% more energy efficient than older appliances.

Buy smarter

Shopping for an energy-efficient appliance can offer long term savings that outweigh a higher upfront cost. You can now check energy ratings by region to compare the efficiency of air conditioners through www.energyrating.gov.au. Even better you’ll find the famous Energy ratings label has been updated to show efficiency by season for three distinct climate zones. More stars means lower running costs. Every added star can reduce running cost by 10%.

There are two other thing to keep in mind when shopping for air conditions;

Size matters: It’s important to match your system to your space. If it’s under or overpowered for the area, it won’t be as efficient.

Do you need to be Demand ready?: If you live in Queensland, regulation requires that only air conditioners installed with DRED technology (Demand Response Enabled Device) can be fitted. This technology ensures that your power stays on exceptionally hot days. In other areas if you choose an air conditioner with a demand response capability, you may be able to benefit from incentives offered to owners. Agreeing to participate in Demand Response programs that turn down the appliance through the network when the grid is pushed to the limit, may provide rewards to owners.